Quine openedfor me the philosophical puzzlesof the analytic-syntheticdistinction.sThat is the sort of random exploration that the Society of Fellows permits, and only through it could I haveencounteredLudwik Fleck'salmost unknown monograph,Entstehung und. Whorf's speculationsabout the effect of language on world view and W. A footnote encounteredby chance led me to the experimentsby which JeanPiagethas illuminated both the various worlds of the growing child and the process of transitionfrom one to the next.2One of my colleaguesset me to reading papersin the psychologyof perception,particularly the Gestalt psychologists another introduced me to B. Much of my time in thoseyears,however,was spent exploring fields without apparentrelation to history of sciencebut in which researchnow disclosesproblemslike the oneshistory was bringing to my attention. Loveioy's Great Chain of Being, have been secondonly to primary sourcematerialsin shapingmy conceptionof what the history of scientiffc ideascan be. Though I increasinglyquestiona few of their particular historicalinterpretations, their works, together with A. Prefoce andre Koyr6 and ffrst encounteredthose of Emile Meyerson, H6ldne Metzger, and AnnelieseMaier.r More clearly than most other recent scholars,this group has shown what it was like to think scientiffcallyin a period when the canons of scientiffc thought were very different from those current today. In particular I continued to study the writings of AlexYll Part of !/ time in thoseyearswas devoted to history of science proper. without that period of freedom ihe transition to a new ffeld of study would have beenfar more difficult and might not have beenalhieved. Yr fi1stopportunity to pursuein depth someof the ideasset forth below was provided by three y"atr as a Junior Fellow of the society of Fellows of Harvard uttiversity. Except foi a few articles, this essayis the ff-rstof my published works in which these early concernsare dominant.In_somepart it is an attempt to explain to myself and_to friends how I happened to be dt"*tt ito* scienceto its history in the first place. The result was a drastic shift in my_career plans, a shift from physics to history of science and then, gradually, from relatively straightforward historical problemsback to the more philosophicalconcernsthat had initially led me to history. Yet they were and are fundamental to many diicussionsof science,and their failuresof verisimilitudetherefore seemedthoroughly worth pursuing. Those conceptionswere ones I had previously drawn partly from scientiffctraining itself and partly from a long-standing avocational interest in the philosophy of science.Somehow, whatever their pedagogicutility and their abstract plausibility, thosenotionsdid not at all fft the enterprisethat historicalstudy displayed. At that time I was a graduate student in theoretical physics already within sight of the end of my dissertation.A fortunate involvement with an experimental college course treating physical sciencefor the non-scientistprovided my ffrst exposureto the history of science.To my complete suqprise,that exposureto out-of-date scientiffc theory and practice radically undermined some of my basic conceptionsabout the nature of scienceand the reasonsfor its specialsuccess. Prefoce The essaythat follows is the first full published report on a project originally conceived almost fffteen years ago. ProgressthroughRevolutions 160 Postscript-1969174 Index 2I I The Invisibility of Revolutions 136 )(II. RevolutionsasChangesof World View I I I XI. The NatureandNecessityof ScientificRevolutions 92 X. Crisisandthe Emergence of ScientificTheories 66 Vm. AnomalyandtheEmergence of ScientificDiscoveries 52 VII. Ql7s.K95 1996 96-13195 501-dc20 CIP of the fhe paperusedin this publicationmeetsthe minimum requirements for of Paper Sciences-Permanence for Information Standard National American PrintedLibrary Materials,ANSI 239.48-1992.Ĭontents Preface vii I. Includesbibliographicalreferences ISBN 0-22645807-5(cloth : alk. The structurcof scientificrevolutions/ ThomasS. Third edition 1996 Printedin the United Statesof America 050403020100 (cloth) ISBN: 7-5 (paPer) ISBN: 8-3ĭata Library of CongressCataloging-in-Publication Kuhn,ThomasS. The Universityof ChicagoPress,Chicago60637 The Universityof ChicagoPress,Ltd., London 1962,1970,1996by The Universityof Chicago All rightsreserved. The Universityof ChicagoPress Chicagoand Lordon TheStructure of Scientific Revolutions Third Edition
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